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<title>Open Sound System</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Open Sound System</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Open Sound System</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hannu Savolainen</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="NCR_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="NCR Corporation">NCR Corporation</a></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">4.2 build 2019

/ March 5, 2019<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2019-03-05</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Audio</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="BSD_License" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD License">BSD-2-Clause</a></li><li><a href="Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL-1.0</a></li><li><a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL-2.0-only</a></li><li><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a> (formerly)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensound.com/">www<wbr>.opensound<wbr>.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Open Sound System</b> (OSS) is an interface for making and capturing sound in <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> operating systems. It is based on standard Unix <a href="Device_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Device node">devices</a> <a href="System_call" title="System call">system calls</a> (i.e. <a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> <a href="Read_(system_call)" title="Read (system call)">read</a>, <a href="Write_(system_call)" title="Write (system call)">write</a>, <a href="Ioctl" title="Ioctl">ioctl</a>, etc.). The term also sometimes refers to the software in a Unix kernel that provides the OSS interface; it can be thought of as a <a href="Device_driver" title="Device driver">device driver</a> (or a collection of device drivers) for <a href="Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound controller</a> hardware. The goal of OSS is to allow the writing of sound-based applications that are agnostic of the underlying sound hardware.

</p><p>OSS was created by Hannu Savolainen and is distributed under <a href="Multi-licensing" title="Multi-licensing">four license options</a>, three of which are <a href="Free_software_licences" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software licences">free software licences</a>, thus making OSS <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OSS-liberated-2007_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSS-liberated-2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>The API is designed to use the traditional Unix framework of open(), read(), write(), and ioctl(), via <a href="Device_file" title="Device file">device files</a>. For instance, the default device for sound input and output is <b>/dev/dsp</b>. Examples using the shell:

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<pre>cat <a href=".//dev/random" title="/dev/random">/dev/random</a> > /dev/dsp # plays <a href="White_noise" title="White noise">white noise</a> through the speaker

cat /dev/dsp > a.a # reads data from the microphone and copies it to file a.a

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<p>OSS implements the <a href=".//dev/audio" class="mw-redirect" title="/dev/audio">/dev/audio</a> interface. Detailed access to individual sound devices is provided via the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

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</style><span class="monospaced">/dev/oss</span> directory. OSS also has MIDI support in <span class="monospaced">/dev/sequencer</span>, <span class="monospaced">/dev/music</span> (both legacy) and <span class="monospaced">/dev/mini</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On Linux, OSS4 is also able to emulate <a href="Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture" title="Advanced Linux Sound Architecture">ALSA</a>, its open-source replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>OSS was originally "VoxWare", a Linux kernel sound driver by Hannu Savolainen. Savolainen made the code available under <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> licenses, GPL for Linux and BSD for BSD distributions. Between November 1993 (and Linux 1.00)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1997, OSS was the sole choice of sound system in FreeBSD and Linux. This was changed when Luigi Rizzo wrote a new "pcm" driver for FreeBSD in 1997, and when Jaroslav Kysela started <a href="Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture" title="Advanced Linux Sound Architecture">Advanced Linux Sound Architecture</a> in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-fbsd_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fbsd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2002, Savolainen was contracted by the company <a href="4Front_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="4Front Technologies">4Front Technologies</a> and made the upcoming OSS 4, which includes support for newer sound devices and improvements, <a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a>. In response, the Linux community abandoned the OSS/free implementation included in the kernel and development effort switched to the replacement <a href="Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture" title="Advanced Linux Sound Architecture">Advanced Linux Sound Architecture</a> (ALSA). FreeBSD by this time had switched to a "newpcm" project started in 1999 and was not affected.<sup id="cite_ref-fbsd_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fbsd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In July 2007, 4Front Technologies released sources for OSS under <a href="Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL-1.0</a> for <a href="OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a> and <a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL-2.0-only</a> for <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>. Drivers for some soundcards remained closed-source and were not included in the release.<sup id="cite_ref-OSS-liberated-2007_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSS-liberated-2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2008, 4Front Technologies released OSS for <a href="FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> (and other <a href="BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a> systems) under the <a href="BSD_Licenses" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD Licenses">BSD-2-Clause</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OSS-BSD-2008_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSS-BSD-2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption_status">Adoption status</h2></div>

<p>OSS4 now exists mostly as a standalone piece of software, not integrated into the kernel source code. The exception is <a href="Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> and <a href="OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a>, which use a fork of OSS4 called Boomer. It combines the OSS4 framework (audio and mixer) together with Sun's earlier SADA (<a href=".//dev/audio" class="mw-redirect" title="/dev/audio">/dev/audio</a>) API.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Although Linux distributions such as <a href="Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> made OSS4 available as a software package after it was made free software, they have chosen to ignore any bugs filed against these packages.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>The OSS API has remained influential despite the obscurity of the original library. NetBSD's documentation describes it as "the preferred API in FreeBSD and Solaris".<sup id="cite_ref-NetBSDman_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NetBSDman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> contains an independently developed implementation of the OSS API, which includes, among other things, in-kernel resampling, <a href="Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)" title="Audio mixing (recorded music)">mixing</a> (vchans), equalizer, surround sound, and independent volume control for each application. It also supports bit-perfect mode.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It gradually evolved from the "newpcm" replacement written in 1999 and caught up with OSS4 API around 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-fbsd_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fbsd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a> supports a compatibility mode for the OSS API, by providing the <code>soundcard.h</code> header file and the <code>libossaudio</code> library, which internally operate using the native Sun-like audio interface. The replacement was first seen in NetBSD 1.3 of 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-NetBSDman_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NetBSDman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Linux had, as aforementioned, switched to <a href="Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture" title="Advanced Linux Sound Architecture">Advanced Linux Sound Architecture</a> since 2003 (kernel 2.6). ALSA provides an optional, in-kernel, OSS emulation mode that appears to programs as if it were OSS.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ALSA also has a <i>aoss</i> userspace program that works by intercepting systems calls directed to the OSS device files.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>OSS/3D is a plugin for music players, which acts as an audio postprocessing engine. Supported players include <a href="Winamp" title="Winamp">Winamp</a>, <a href="Windows_Media_Player" title="Windows Media Player">Windows Media Player</a> (9 or later), musicmatch, <a href="Sonique_(media_player)" title="Sonique (media player)">Sonique</a>, <a href="Foobar2000" title="Foobar2000">Foobar2000</a>, <a href="JetAudio" title="JetAudio">JetAudio</a>, <a href="XMMS" title="XMMS">XMMS</a>. It is ported to Windows and Linux platforms. Unlike the OSS, it is <a href="Shareware" title="Shareware">shareware</a>.

</p><p>4Front OSS3D was later renamed to Joesoft Hear.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div>

<p>OSS both as API and as software has been criticized by some developers, such as <a href="Paul_Davis_(programmer)" title="Paul Davis (programmer)">Paul Davis</a> (of <a href="JACK_Audio_Connection_Kit" title="JACK Audio Connection Kit">JACK Audio Connection Kit</a>) and <a href="Lennart_Poettering" title="Lennart Poettering">Lennart Poettering</a> (of competing <a href="PulseAudio" title="PulseAudio">PulseAudio</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture" title="Advanced Linux Sound Architecture">Advanced Linux Sound Architecture</a> – prevailing sound framework in the Linux kernel</li>

<li><a href="PulseAudio" title="PulseAudio">PulseAudio</a> – a sound server for desktop use, commonly used on Linux systems</li>

<li><a href="JACK_Audio_Connection_Kit" title="JACK Audio Connection Kit">JACK Audio Connection Kit</a> – prevailing sound server for professional audio production on Linux</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925110149/http://ossnext.trueinstruments.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=19&t=5876"><i>OSS v4.2 build 2019</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ossnext.trueinstruments.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=19&t=5876">the original</a> on 2022-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-10</span></span></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-OSS-BSD-2008-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OSS-BSD-2008_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensound.com/press/2008/oss-bsd.txt"><i>4Front Technologies releases OSS for FreeBSD under the BSD license</i></a>, opensound.com<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-08</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316022034/http://4front-tech.com/hannublog/?page_id=17"><i>Hannu's Blog » Boomer</i></a>, 4front-tech.com, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://4front-tech.com/hannublog/?page_id=17">the original</a> on 2012-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-08</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/OpenSound"><i>Ubuntu Documentation: OpenSound</i></a>, ubuntu.com<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-08</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NetBSDman-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NetBSDman_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NetBSDman_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man.netbsd.org/NetBSD-10.0-STABLE/ossaudio.3">"ossaudio(3) - NetBSD Manual Pages"</a>. <i>man.netbsd.org</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?sound"><i>sound</i></a>, Freebsd.org, 2009-07-13<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-08</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120605094307/http://www.alsa-project.org/~tiwai/OSS-Emulation.html"><i>OSS Emulation</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alsa-project.org/~tiwai/OSS-Emulation.html">the original</a> on 2012-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-07</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/alsa-oss/aoss.1.en">"aoss(1) — Arch manual pages"</a>. <i>man.archlinux.org</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yohng.com/obsolete.html"><i>· Obsolete product reference</i></a>, Yohng.com<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-08</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://equalarea.com/paul/alsa-audio.html">"A tutorial on using the ALSA Audio API"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/450299/">"Interview with Lennart Poettering (LinuxFR.org) [LWN.net]"</a>. <i>lwn.net</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensound.com/">Official website</a></span></span></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.4front-tech.com/wiki/index.php/Building_OSSv4_from_source">Building the Open Sound System From Source</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://insanecoding.blogspot.com/2009/06/state-of-sound-in-linux-not-so-sorry.html">State of sound in Linux not so sorry after all</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Linux_kernel514" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kernel19" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kernel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_Mark_Institute" title="Linux Mark Institute">Linux Mark Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Linus's_law" title="Linus's law">Linus's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate" title="Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate">Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate</a></li>

<li><a href="SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO disputes</a></li>

<li><a href="Linaro" title="Linaro">Linaro</a></li>

<li><a href="Menuconfig" title="Menuconfig">menuconfig</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Linux-supported_computer_architectures" title="List of Linux-supported computer architectures">Supported computer architectures</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_kernel_version_history" title="Linux kernel version history">Version history</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_Linux" title="Criticism of Linux">Criticism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Developers

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Linux_Programming_Interface" title="The Linux Programming Interface">The Linux Programming Interface</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Kernel.org" title="Kernel.org">kernel.org</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux conference">Linux conferences</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Users

<ul><li><a href="Linux_user_group" title="Linux user group">Linux User Group (LUG)</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Werner_Almesberger" title="Werner Almesberger">Werner Almesberger</a></li>

<li><a href="H._Peter_Anvin" title="H. Peter Anvin">H. Peter Anvin</a></li>

<li><a href="Jens_Axboe" title="Jens Axboe">Jens Axboe</a></li>

<li><a href="Moshe_Bar_(investor)" title="Moshe Bar (investor)">Moshe Bar</a></li>

<li><a href="Suparna_Bhattacharya" title="Suparna Bhattacharya">Suparna Bhattacharya</a></li>

<li><a href="Andries_Brouwer" title="Andries Brouwer">Andries Brouwer</a></li>

<li><a href="Matthew_Garrett" title="Matthew Garrett">Matthew Garrett</a></li>

<li><a href="Avi_Kivity" title="Avi Kivity">Avi Kivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Con_Kolivas" title="Con Kolivas">Con Kolivas</a></li>

<li><a href="Greg_Kroah-Hartman" title="Greg Kroah-Hartman">Greg Kroah-Hartman</a></li>

<li><a href="Benson_Leung" title="Benson Leung">Benson Leung</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Love" title="Robert Love">Robert Love</a></li>

<li><a href="David_S._Miller" title="David S. Miller">David S. Miller</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingo_Moln%C3%A1r" title="Ingo Molnár">Ingo Molnár</a></li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Morton_(computer_programmer)" title="Andrew Morton (computer programmer)">Andrew Morton</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Reiser" title="Hans Reiser">Hans Reiser</a></li>

<li><a href="Rusty_Russell" title="Rusty Russell">Rusty Russell</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuah_Khan" title="Shuah Khan">Shuah Khan</a></li>

<li><a href="Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodore_Ts'o" title="Theodore Ts'o">Theodore Ts'o</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Tweedie" title="Stephen Tweedie">Stephen Tweedie</a></li>

<li><a href="Harald_Welte" title="Harald Welte">Harald Welte</a></li>

<li><a href="Chris_Wright_(programmer)" title="Chris Wright (programmer)">Chris Wright</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debugging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Ftrace" title="Ftrace">ftrace</a></li>

<li><a href="Kdump_(Linux)" title="Kdump (Linux)">kdump</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_kernel_oops" title="Linux kernel oops">Linux kernel oops</a></li>

<li><a href="SystemTap" title="SystemTap">SystemTap</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Booting_process_of_Linux" title="Booting process of Linux">Startup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vmlinux" title="Vmlinux">vmlinux</a></li>

<li><a href="System.map" title="System.map">System.map</a></li>

<li><a href="Dracut_(software)" title="Dracut (software)">dracut</a></li>

<li><a href="Initrd" class="mw-redirect" title="Initrd">initrd</a></li>

<li><a href="Initramfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Initramfs">initramfs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_kernel_interfaces" title="Linux kernel interfaces">ABIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">Linux Standard Base</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_kernel_interfaces" title="Linux kernel interfaces">APIs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kernel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_kernel_interfaces#SCI" title="Linux kernel interfaces">System Call<br>Interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ioctl" title="Ioctl">ioctl</a></li>

<li><a href="Select_(Unix)" title="Select (Unix)">select</a></li>

<li><a href="Close_(system_call)" title="Close (system call)">close</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_kernel_interfaces#Additions_to_POSIX" title="Linux kernel interfaces">Linux-only</a>

<ul><li><a href="Futex" title="Futex">futex</a></li>

<li><a href="Epoll" title="Epoll">epoll</a></li>

<li><a href="Splice_(system_call)" title="Splice (system call)">splice</a></li>

<li><a href="Dnotify" title="Dnotify">dnotify</a></li>

<li><a href="Inotify" title="Inotify">inotify</a></li>

<li><a href="Readahead" title="Readahead">readahead</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_kernel_interfaces#In–kernel_APIs" title="Linux kernel interfaces">In-kernel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Crypto_API_(Linux)" title="Crypto API (Linux)">Crypto API</a></li>

<li><a href="Io_uring" title="Io uring">io uring</a></li>

<li><a href="Kernfs_(Linux)" title="Kernfs (Linux)">kernfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_barrier" title="Memory barrier">Memory barrier</a></li>

<li><a href="Video4Linux" title="Video4Linux">Video4Linux</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="User_space_and_kernel_space" title="User space and kernel space">Userspace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Daemon_(computing)" title="Daemon (computing)">Daemons</a>,<br><a href="Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">File systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>bpffs</li>

<li><a href="Configfs" title="Configfs">configfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Devfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Devfs">devfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Devpts" title="Devpts">devpts</a></li>

<li><a href="Debugfs" title="Debugfs">debugfs</a></li>

<li>hugetlbfs</li>

<li>pipefs</li>

<li><a href="Procfs" title="Procfs">procfs</a></li>

<li>securityfs</li>

<li>sockfs</li>

<li><a href="Sysfs" title="Sysfs">sysfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a></li>

<li><a href="Systemd" title="Systemd">systemd</a>

<li><a href="Kmscon" title="Kmscon">Kmscon</a></li>

<li><a href="Binfmt_misc" title="Binfmt misc">binfmt_misc</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wrapper_library" title="Wrapper library">Wrapper<br>libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a>

<ul><li><a href="Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a></li>

<li><a href="UClibc" title="UClibc">uClibc</a></li>

<li><a href="Bionic_(software)" title="Bionic (software)">Bionic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Libhybris" title="Libhybris">libhybris</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dietlibc" title="Dietlibc">dietlibc</a></li>

<li><a href="Embedded_GLIBC" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded GLIBC">EGLIBC</a></li>

<li><a href="Klibc" title="Klibc">klibc</a></li>

<li><a href="Newlib" title="Newlib">Newlib</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cgroups" title="Cgroups">libcgroup</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_Rendering_Manager" title="Direct Rendering Manager">libdrm</a></li>

<li><a href="Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture" title="Advanced Linux Sound Architecture">libalsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Evdev" title="Evdev">libevdev</a></li>

<li><a href="Libusb" title="Libusb">libusb</a></li>

<li><a href="Io_uring" title="Io uring">liburing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Loadable_kernel_module" title="Loadable kernel module">Kernel modules</a></li>

<li><a href="BlueZ" class="mw-redirect" title="BlueZ">BlueZ</a></li>

<li><a href="Cgroups" title="Cgroups">cgroups</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_console" title="Linux console">Console</a></li>

<li><a href="Bcache" title="Bcache">bcache</a></li>

<li><a href="Device_mapper" title="Device mapper">Device mapper</a></li>

<li><a href="Dm-cache" title="Dm-cache">dm-cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Dm-crypt" title="Dm-crypt">dm-crypt</a></li>

<li><a href="Evdev" title="Evdev">evdev</a></li>

<li><a href="Kernel_same-page_merging" title="Kernel same-page merging">Kernel same-page merging</a> (KSM)</li>

<li><a href="Linux_framebuffer" title="Linux framebuffer">Framebuffer</a></li>

<li><a href="KMS_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="KMS driver">KMS driver</a></li>

<li><a href="Netfilter" title="Netfilter">Netfilter</a></li>

<li><a href="Netlink" title="Netlink">Netlink</a></li>

<li><a href="Nftables" title="Nftables">nftables</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="Zswap" title="Zswap">zswap</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Scheduling_(computing)#Linux" title="Scheduling (computing)">Process and I/O schedulers</a>:</li>

<li><a href="Brain_Fuck_Scheduler" title="Brain Fuck Scheduler">Brain Fuck Scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="Completely_Fair_Scheduler" title="Completely Fair Scheduler">Completely Fair Scheduler</a> (CFS)</li>

<li><a href="Earliest_eligible_virtual_deadline_first_scheduling" title="Earliest eligible virtual deadline first scheduling">Earliest eligible virtual deadline first</a> (EEVDF)</li>

<li><a href="Noop_scheduler" title="Noop scheduler">Noop scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="O(n)_scheduler" title="O(n) scheduler">O(n) scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="O(1)_scheduler" title="O(1) scheduler">O(1) scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="SCHED_DEADLINE" title="SCHED DEADLINE">SCHED_DEADLINE</a></li>

<li><a href="SCHED_FIFO" class="mw-redirect" title="SCHED FIFO">SCHED_FIFO</a></li>

<li><a href="SCHED_RR" class="mw-redirect" title="SCHED RR">SCHED_RR</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Linux_Security_Modules" title="Linux Security Modules">Security Modules</a>: <a href="AppArmor" title="AppArmor">AppArmor</a></li>

<li><a href="Exec_Shield" title="Exec Shield">Exec Shield</a></li>

<li><a href="Seccomp" title="Seccomp">seccomp</a></li>

<li><a href="Security-Enhanced_Linux" title="Security-Enhanced Linux">SELinux</a></li>

<li><a href="Smack_(software)" title="Smack (software)">Smack</a></li>

<li><a href="Tomoyo_Linux" title="Tomoyo Linux">Tomoyo Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_PAM" title="Linux PAM">Linux PAM</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a>

<li><a href="Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">graphics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Raw_device" title="Raw device">Raw device</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Initramfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Initramfs">initramfs</a></li>

<li><a href="KernelCare" title="KernelCare">KernelCare</a></li>

<li><a href="Kexec" title="Kexec">kexec</a></li>

<li><a href="KGraft" title="KGraft">kGraft</a></li>

<li><a href="Kpatch" title="Kpatch">kpatch</a></li>

<li><a href="Ksplice" title="Ksplice">Ksplice</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mainline_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline Linux">Mainline</a>

<ul><li><a href="Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">High-performance computing</a>

<li><a href="Compute_Node_Linux" title="Compute Node Linux">Compute Node Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="Slurm_Workload_Manager" title="Slurm Workload Manager">SLURM</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a>

<ul><li><a href="RTLinux" title="RTLinux">RTLinux</a></li>

<li><a href="Xenomai" title="Xenomai">Xenomai</a></li>

<li><a href="PREEMPT_RT" title="PREEMPT RT">PREEMPT_RT</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">MMU</a>-less

<ul><li><a href="%CE%9CClinux" title="ΜClinux">μClinux</a></li>

<li><a href="PSXLinux" title="PSXLinux">PSXLinux</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Virtualization18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Virtualization" title="Virtualization">Virtualization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">Hypervisor</a>

<li><a href="OS-level_virtualization" title="OS-level virtualization">OS-level virtualization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Linux-VServer" title="Linux-VServer">Linux-VServer</a></li>

<li><a href="Lguest" title="Lguest">Lguest</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenVZ" title="OpenVZ">OpenVZ</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Other

<ul><li><a href="L4Linux" title="L4Linux">L4Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="User-mode_Linux" title="User-mode Linux">User-mode Linux</a></li>

<li><a href="MkLinux" title="MkLinux">MkLinux</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooperative_Linux" title="Cooperative Linux">coLinux</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_adoption" title="Linux adoption">Adoption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rangeof_use48" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Linux_range_of_use" title="Linux range of use">Range<br>of use</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Linux_desktop_environments" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux desktop environments">Desktop</a></li>

<li><a href="Linux_on_embedded_systems" title="Linux on embedded systems">Embedded</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_games_and_Linux" title="Video games and Linux">Gaming</a></li>

<li>Thin client:

<li>Server:

<li><a href="Linux-powered_device" title="Linux-powered device">Devices</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adopters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Linux_adopters" title="List of Linux adopters">List of Linux adopters</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ALinux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux portal</a></b></li>

<li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AFree_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-01-21" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Open_Sound_System&oldid=1270879062">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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